Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale in clinical and general populations / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Escala de Fatiga de Chalder en población clínica y general

Objetivo: La Escala de Fatiga de Chalder (CFS) es una escala breve para evaluar fatiga que se utiliza en España, pero que no ha sido validada en su población. El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la CFS (Sp-CFS). Método: La muestra la conformaron 3,671 participantes (3.190 de la población general y 481 pacientes), con edades entre 18 y 86 años (M = 28.43; DT = 12.71), siendo el 67.6% mujeres. Las propiedades psicométricas de la escala se probaron en un diseño transversal utilizando validación cruzada (análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio) y estimación de la invarianza (sexo y condición clínica). Resultados: Un modelo de cuatro factores (baja energía, problemas de sueño, problemas de concentración y disfunción cognitiva subjetiva) en lugar de un modelo original de dos factores (fatiga física y mental) proporcionó mejores índices de bondad de ajuste a los datos. La consistencia interna y la estabilidad de la escala fueron excelentes. Su validez convergente se apoyó en su asociación significativa con la ansiedad, la depresión, el estrés y los síntomas positivos y negativos del espectro de la psicosis. El instrumento no mostró diferencias significativas entre sexos ni condiciones clínicas, y discriminó entre la población general y los pacientes, obteniendo estos últimos puntajes significativamente mayores. Conclusiones: Sp-CFS es una escala fiable y válida para medir la fatiga en población general y clínica española.(AU)

Objective:The Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS) is a brief self-report screening scale for fatigue that is used in Spain but has not been validated for the Spanish population. The aim of this study was to adapt and evalu-ate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CFS (Sp-CFS). Method:The sample consisted of 3,671 participants (3,190 from the general population and 481 patients), aged 18 to 86 years (M=28.43; DT=12.71), 67.6% of whom were women. Psychometric properties of the scale were tested in a cross-sectional design using cross-validation (explora-tory and confirmatory factor analysis) and estimation of invariance (sex and clinical condition). Results:A four-factor model (low energy, sleep problems, concentration problems and subjective cognitive dysfunction) rather than an original two-factor model (physical and mental fatigue) pro-vided better indices of goodness of fit to the data. The internal consistencyand stability of the scale were excellent. Its convergent validity was sup-ported by its significant association with anxiety, depression, stress, and the positive and negative symptoms of the psychosis spectrum. The instru-ment did not show significant differences between sexes or clinical condi-tions, and it discriminated between the general population and the patients, with the latter obtaining significantly greater scores. Conclusions: Sp-CFS is a reliable and valid scale for measuring a transdiagnostic construct such as fatigue in Spanish general and clinical populations.(AU)

Spanish version of the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS) for adults / Versión al español de la Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS) para adultos

Antecedentes: Aunque existen otras herramientas en español para evaluar la metacognición, no hay una versión disponible desde una pers-pectiva multidimensional como la Escala de Autoevaluación de la Metacognición(Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale, MSAS), que tiene además la ventaja de ser sencilla y rápidaen su aplicación. Objetivos:Adaptar y validar la escala MSAS al español. Método: Participaron975 voluntarios/as, 68.2% mujeres, edad media de 27.9 años (DT= 12.68). Resultados: Los valores psicométricos de la adaptación al español son adecuados, α = .830 (total), y entre α = .658 y .826 (factores). La estructura factorial original de cuatro factores (Autorreflexividad, Distancia Crítica, Maestría y Comprensión de Mentes Ajenas) muestra adecuados índices de ajuste. Sin embargo, los indicios de validez de criterio no han sido los esperados. Los indicadores de validez discriminante fueron bajos en los participantes con antecedentes psicopato-lógicos (d = .222) y tratamiento psicológico (d = .326) en el factor Auto-rreflexividad; en el factor Dominio entre los que estaban bajo tratamiento psicológico (d = .345) y tenían prescrita medicación (d = .482), y en el factor Distancia crítica para los participantes con medicación (d = .419). Conclusión: La adaptación y validación de la MSAS en español para población general parece adecuada para evaluar la metacognición y sus subcomponen-tes, abriendo un amplio campo de aplicaciones tanto clínicas como de investigación.(AU)

Background: Although there are other tools in the Spanish language for assessing metacognition, there is no other that is as quick, simple and multidimensional as the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS). Objectives:Adapt and validate the MSAS to Spanish. Method:The sample consisted of 973 volunteers, 68.3% women and mean age of 27.9 years (SD= 12.68). Results:The internal consistency of the Spanish adaptation was generally adequate with a total α = .830, and from α = .658 to .826 for the factors. The original four-factor structure (Self-Reflexivity, Critical Distance, Mastery and Understanding Other Minds) showed adequate fit indices. The evidence of concurrent criterion validity indices was not as expected. Indications of discriminant validity were the low Self-Reflexivity scores of participants with a psychopathological history (d = .222) or psychological treatment (d = .326); in Mastery by those under psychological treatment (d = .345) or medication (d = .482), and in Critical distance for medication (d = .419). Conclusion:The Spanish adaptation and validation of the MSAS seems adequate for assessing metacognition and its subcomponents in the general population, opening a wide field of clinical and research applications.(UA)

Psychometric properties of the Pride in Eating Pathology Scale in a Spanish population.

BACKGROUND: In its relation to eating disorders, pride is one of the self-conscious emotions least analyzed, and requires valid and reliable instruments for its measurement. This study aimed to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the Pride in Eating Pathology Scale (PEP-S), in the Spanish general population, as well as between-sex differences in PEP-S scores. METHODS: Of the 1483 participants aged 18 to 34 (M = 21.99; SD = 3.09), 954 were women (65.2%) and the majority were university students (78.8%). Psychometric properties of the scale were tested in a cross-sectional design using cross-validation, i.e., exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and estimation of invariance (sex). RESULTS: The four-factor structure found was similar to the original scale with invariance across sex and internal consistency (ordinal alpha .99) and stability (.85). Evidence of convergent validity and differences between sexes were found. Specifically, women scored higher on all the factors, including the healthier sense of pride. CONCLUSIONS: The PEP-S scale is an instrument with evidence of validity and reliability in the Spanish population. Although it still has to be tested in a clinical population, it constitutes a promising instrument for the evaluation of the self-conscious emotion, pride.

The study of eating disorders emphasizes the role of certain emotions, such as pride, for example, in achieving a low weight or controlling eating behavior. We propose the Spanish validation of the Pride in Eating Pathology Scale (PEP-S), developed by Faija et al. (2017), to measure this type of complex or self-conscious emotions. This article confirms the usefulness of the PEP-S in the context of the general population, different from the context of the clinical population in which it was validated, which implies a generalization of its possibilities. In addition, as a novelty, it includes male participants, who are also subjected to the social pressure on body and appearance. This validation of the PEP-S was carried out in a large sample of men and women aged 18 to 34, a time of life when concerns about the body and eating behavior acquire importance. It is worth special mention that the results of its designers were confirmed, with psychometric indicators guaranteeing that the instrument can be used with consistency of measurement (reliability) and usefulness (validity) in the general population. Men and women respond to the instrument the same, that is, they understand the scale the same way. The scores of women on the PEP-S are higher in terms of pride about the body and eating behavior. Future studies should test these promising results in a clinical population.

Spanish validation of the Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) in a community and clinical sample. A new instrument for measuring dissociation.

INTRODUCTION: Dissociative symptoms are a type of phenomenon which is present in a wide variety of psychopathological disorders. It is therefore necessary to develop scales that measure this type of experience for therapy and research. Starting out from the bipartite model of dissociation, this study intended to adapt and validate the Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) in Spanish. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this, 308 participants (268 from the community population and 40 with psychiatric pathology) completed the DCI, the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II), the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ20) and the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). RESULTS: The results showed that the Spanish version has a two-factor structure similar to the original version and was invariant across participants. The reliability of DCI scores was adequate and acquired evidence of validity related to other instruments. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the DCI is a valid scale for detecting detachment and compartmentalization dissociative experiences, both in the clinic and research.

Childhood and adolescent trauma and dissociation: The mediating role of rumination, intrusive thoughts and negative affect.

Dissociation is a complex phenomenon which is present in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders and also in the general population. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between childhood and adolescent traumas and development of dissociative phenomena in a nonclinical population, emphasizing the potentially mediating role of rumination, intrusive thoughts and negative affect in a population with no psychiatric pathology in adulthood. The sample was comprised of 337 participants from the general population (58.8% women) with a mean age of 33.10 years (SD: 14.08). They completed the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), the White Bear Suppression Scale (WBSI), the Dissociative Experience Scale, 2d ver. Rev. (DES-II) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results supported the starting hypotheses showing a positive correlation between childhood and adolescent trauma and dissociation, and between childhood and adolescent trauma and rumination, intrusive thoughts and negative affect, and mediation of these variables between childhood and adolescent trauma and dissociative states. The relationship between trauma in early ages and dissociation in adulthood is complex. Although the design used in this study was cross-sectional, the results are compatible with the starting hypothesis that rumination, intrusive thoughts and negative affect mediate this relationship.

Dissociation as a Mediator of Traumatic Childhood Experiences and Ideas of Reference.

Ideas of reference (IR) - self-attributions about what happens in the social environment are a frequent phenomenon present in a wide variety of people with mental health disorders as well as in the nonclinical population. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences, IR and dissociative states in the nonclinical population, emphasizing the potential mediating role of dissociation between traumatic experiences and IR. The sample was comprised of 337 participants from the general population (58.8% women) with a mean age of 33.20 years (SD = 14.08). They filled in the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II) and the Referential thinking Scale (REF). The results supported the original hypotheses and showed that the participants with higher frequency of IR reported more childhood traumatic (χ2 (2) = 64.33, p < .001, f = .39, 1- ß = .99) and dissociative experiences (χ2 (2) = 50,414, p < .001, f = .38, 1- ß = .99), and that dissociative states (ß = .12, p < .05; 95%CI [.07, .19]; c´ = .26, p < .001), specifically absorption (ß = .09, p < .05; 95% CI [.03, .15]; c´ = .26, p < .001), mediated between traumatic childhood experiences and referential thinking. It was concluded that the relationship between traumatic experiences and IR is complex and may be mediated by variables such as dissociation.

¿Vulnerabilidad cognitiva a la depresión o sobreestimación de los síntomas disfóricos premenstruales? / Cognitive vulnerability to depression or overestimation of premenstrual dysphoric symptoms?

Es difícil estimar la verdadera presencia del trastorno disfórico premenstrual (TDPM). Las expectativas de las mujeres influyen en los síntomas del TDPM, lo que podría aumentar su vulnerabilidad a la depresión. Este estudio pretendió estimar la presencia de TDPM en un grupo de mujeres comparando su autodiagnóstico con la evaluación clínica; diferenciar los síntomas y su intensidad entre TDPM y su forma subsindrómica, así como determinar sus consecuencias sociolaborales y relacionales. Se analizan las diferencias entre TDPM y trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) identificando una posible vulnerabilidad cognitiva a la depresión. En un diseño ex-post facto, participaron 105 mujeres, 85 de la población general (Medad= 23,60; DT 3,05) y 20 mujeres con TDM, (Medad= 25,15; DT 3,51). Para el autodiagnóstico, completaron varios autoinformes y los indicadores de criterios TDPM A, B, C (APA) y D (por autor). El diagnóstico clínico se realizó mediante entrevista semiestructurada siguiendo los criterios del DSM-5. El TDPM se sobreestimó cuando fue autoinformado (51,76%) contrastando con la evaluación clínica (5,88%). La vulnerabilidad cognitiva a la depresión para el TDPM no fue apoyada. (AU)

True premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is hard to diagnose. It has been suggested that women’s expectations influence the symptoms of this disorder, which could increase their vulnerability to depression. This study aimed to estimate PMDD in a group of women by comparing their self-diagnosis with clinical evaluation; differentiate between PMDD symptoms and their intensity and its subthreshold form, determining its social-employment and relational consequences, finding differences in symptoms and vulnerability to depression; and identifying possible cognitive vulnerability to depression in PMDD. 105 women participated, 85 from the general population and 20 women with Major Depressive Disorder were selected. For the self-diagnosis, they filled out several self-reports and PMDD Criteria Indicators A, B, C (APA) and D (by author). The clinical diagnosis was made using a semi-structured interview following DSM-5 criteria. PMDD was overestimated when it was self-reported (51,76%) compared to clinical evaluation (5,88%). Therefore, retrospective and self-reported evaluation could bias what they remember and overestimate the indicators of the disorder and their severity. Cognitive vulnerability to depression for PMDD was not supported. (AU)

The first session is the one that counts: An exploratory study of therapeutic alliance.

Background: The controversy about whether psychotherapy outcome is the consequence of the techniques themselves, common factors or both is still current. The importance of common factors has been demonstrated, although it is also known that they alone are insufficient. At the present time, the contextual model grants heavy weight to the therapeutic alliance in the first sessions and seems to predict positive final results. Furthermore, monitoring sessions has demonstrated that this alliance improves. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and patient's perceived improvement during the first five sessions of therapy, and find out whether the therapeutic alliance is maintained or unstable within that timeframe. Methods: Thirty-four patients at a university psychological care service who had had at least five therapy sessions participated. Of these, 70.46% were women (Mage = 24.24, SD = 6.73). The patients filled out the Outcome Rating Scale and Session Rating Scale the week before each session. Data were analyzed by the Dual STATIS method. Results: The compromise matrix explained 77.36% of the variability. The position of the vectors and the distribution of the position of the patients on the graph show that as their perception increased, therapeutic alliance remained stable. Moreover, the position of the vectors shows that the therapeutic alliance was forged in the first session and remained stable during the following sessions. Conclusion: This exploratory study demonstrated the importance of the first session in establishing the therapeutic alliance, and for it to remain stable, regardless of whether the rest of the therapeutic process has variations or changes. Novel use of the STATIS method for analyzing measurements in the first five sessions, showed that beginning the therapeutic intervention with a strong alliance, produced the favorable, lasting effects necessary for development of the intervention.

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale (PMHSS-24).

INTRODUCTION: There is currently a growing interest in interventions aimed at the reduction of stigma towards people with emotional difficulties in adolescents. Unfortunately, the number of scales available in Spanish to assess stigma at these ages is limited. This paper aims to adapt and validate the scale of stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health among peers (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale PMHSS-24). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 443 adolescents (46.6% female and 53.7% male) between 13 and 17 years of age participated (Mage = 14.64; SD = 0.83) in the 3rd and 4th grades of Obligatory Secondary Education. The internal consistency of the test was calculated, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed with half of the sample and a confirmatory one (CFA) with the other half, and the invariance of measurement of the scale through sex was found. RESULTS: The EFA showed a two-factor structure for the negative scale (53% of the variance explained) and another 2 for the positive scale (62% of the variance explained). The CFA corroborated the factor structure with appropriate goodness-of-fit indicators (CFI > 0.95; NNFI > 0.95, SRMR < 0.08, RMSEA < 0.08). Factor loads ranged from 0.49 to 0.89, with α factor correlation between r = 0.53 and 0.45. Both subscales exhibited optimal alpha values (negative 0.94 and positive 0.81). The scale was invariant between the sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that PMHSS-24 may be a useful scale for the initial screening of the stereotypes exhibited by adolescents toward people with mental illness.

Validación y adaptación española de la Escala de Actitudes Estigmatizadoras hacia la Salud Mental entre Iguales (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale, PMHSS-24) / Spanish adaptation and validation of the Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale (PMHSS-24)

Introducción: En la actualidad, existe un creciente interés por las intervenciones con adolescentes encaminadas a la reducción del estigma hacia las personas con problemas de salud mental. Desafortunadamente, el número de escalas disponibles en castellano para evaluar el estigma en estas edades es reducido. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo adaptar y validar en población española la Escala de Actitudes Estigmatizadoras hacia la Salud Mental entre Iguales (PMHSS-24). Material y métodos: Participaron 443 adolescentes (46,6% mujeres y 53,7% hombres) de entre 13 y 17 años (Medad=14,64; DE=0,83) alumnos de 3.° y 4.° de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Se calculó la consistencia interna de la prueba, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) con la mitad de la muestra y otro confirmatorio (AFC) con la otra mitad, y se halló la invarianza de medición de la escala a través del sexo. Resultados: El AFE arrojó una estructura de 2factores para la escala negativa (53% de la varianza explicada) y otros 2para la positiva (62% de la varianza explicada). El AFC corroboró la estructura factorial con adecuados indicadores de bondad de ajuste (CFI>0,95; NNFI>0,95; SRMR <0,08; RMSEA <0,08). Las cargas factoriales oscilaron entre 0,49 y 0,89, con una correlación entre factores r=0,53 y 0,45. Ambas subescalas exhibieron valores de αóptimos (negativa 0,94 y positiva 0,81). La escala fue invariante entre sexos. Conclusiones: El PMHSS-24 puede ser un instrumento útil para el cribado inicial de los estereotipos que exhiben los adolescentes hacia las personas con dificultades emocionales. (AU)

Introduction: There is currently a growing interest in interventions aimed at the reduction of stigma towards people with emotional difficulties in adolescents. Unfortunately, the number of scales available in Spanish to assess stigma at these ages is limited. This paper aims to adapt and validate the scale of stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health among peers (Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale PMHSS-24). Material and methods: A total of 443 adolescents (46.6% female and 53.7% male) between 13 and 17 years of age participated (Mage=14.64; SD=.83) in the 3rd and 4th grades of Obligatory Secondary Education. The internal consistency of the test was calculated, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed with half of the sample and a confirmatory one (CFA) with the other half, and the invariance of measurement of the scale through sex was found. Results: The EFA showed a two-factor structure for the negative scale (53% of the variance explained) and another 2for the positive scale (62% of the variance explained). The CFA corroborated the factor structure with appropriate goodness-of-fit indicators (CFI>.95; NNFI>.95, SRMR<.08, RMSEA<.08). Factor loads ranged from .49 to .89, with α factor correlation between r=.53 and .45. Both subscales exhibited optimal alpha values (negative .94 and positive .81). The scale was invariant between the sexes. Conclusions: The data suggest that PMHSS-24 may be a useful scale for the initial screening of the stereotypes exhibited by adolescents toward people with mental illness. (AU)

Aberrant Salience and Disorganized Symptoms as Mediators of Psychosis.

Introduction: Ideas of reference (IR) are frequent in psychopathology, mainly in psychotic disorders. The frequency of IR and preoccupation about them are related to the psychotic dimension, and to a lesser extent, to negative or emotional disorganized dimensions. Aberrant salience (AS), has been proposed as an indicator of the onset of psychosis, particularly of schizophrenia. This study analyzed the mediating role of AS, disorganized symptoms and preoccupation about IR in the relationship between IR and the psychotic dimension. Method: The sample consisted of 330 participants (116 university students and 214 clinically active patients), 62.4% of whom were women aged 18-79. The Referential Thinking Scale, the Aberrant Salience Inventory, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were administered. Results: Evidence of a partial mediation model showed that the relationships between IR and the psychotic dimension were mediated jointly by AS and the disorganized dimension, and preoccupation about IR no longer had a role. This relationship was significantly influenced by participant age. The variables in the model explained 54.16% of the variance. Conclusion: The model proposed enabled a set of vulnerabilities (unusual thought content) to be predicted that could lead to a high-risk general pathological state and proneness to psychosis in particular. These findings are discussed with regard to early detection and prevention of psychosis.

Aplicaciones móviles para evaluación e intervención en trastornos emocionales: una revisión sistemática / Mobile applications for assessment and intervention in emotional disorders: a systematic review

Resumen Antecedentes Durante los últimos años ha proliferado el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) para mejorar la efectividad y eficiencia de la intervención psicológica, incluyéndose en este grupo el uso de apps para dispositivos móviles. Objetivo Examinar la disponibilidad de apps puestas a pruebas empíricamente para el tratamiento psicológico de los trastornos emocionales. Método Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de trabajos publicados desde 2016 en las bases de datos Scopus , Web of Science y PubMed . Se seleccionaron aquellos artículos que estudiaban el funcionamiento de una app en población adulta para la intervención psicológica en trastornos emocionales (trastornos de ansiedad, depresivos, límite de la personalidad, somatoformes y disociativos). La selección de los estudios incluidos se llevó a cabo por dos revisores, que resolvieron las discrepancias mediante consenso. Resultados De 485 artículos identificados, se seleccionaron 14 para la revisión sistemática. Los resultados se presentan en función del trastorno emocional al que va dirigido la app . Conclusiones: la disponibilidad de apps empíricamente validadas para la intervención en trastornos emocionales, si bien ha aumentado durante los últimos años, es todavía limitada. Sin embargo, existen resultados prometedores que apuntan hacia la importancia de seguir desarrollando y estudiando la eficacia y efectividad del uso de apps para potenciar la calidad y eficiencia de la atención psicológica.

Abstract Background In recent years, the use of ICTs to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of psychological intervention has proliferated, including the use of apps for mobile devices. Objective To examine the availability of empirically tested apps for the psychological treatment of emotional disorders. Method a literature search of papers published since 2016 in the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted. It was selected those articles that studied the functioning of an app in the adult population for psychological intervention in emotional disorders (anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, borderline personality disorder, somatoform and dissociative disorders). The selection of included studies was carried out by two reviewers, who resolved discrepancies by consensus. Results Of 485 articles identified, 14 were selected for systematic review. Results are presented according to the emotional disorder targeted by the app. Conclusions The availability of empirically validated apps for intervention in emotional disorders, although increasing in recent years, is still limited. However, there are promising results that point to the importance of continuing to develop and study the efficacy and effectiveness of the use of apps to enhance the quality and efficiency of psychological care.

Aplicaciones móviles en español para evaluación e intervención en Salud Mental: Una revisión sistemática / Mobile applications in Spanish for assesment and intervention in Mental Health: A systematic review

Antecedentes: En salud mental se está incorporando el uso de aplicaciones móviles (apps) en evaluación e intervención para mejorar el proceso y los resultados terapéuticos. Objetivo: examinar la disponibilidad de apps en castellano para evaluación e intervención en salud mental con población clínica y no clínica. Método: búsqueda de literatura científica publicada durante los últimos cinco años en Scopus, PubMed y PSYCinfo. Se seleccionaron aquellos artículos que estudiaban el funcionamiento de apps en población adulta española para evaluación y/o intervención en salud mental. Resultados: De 193 artículos identificados, 11 fueron seleccionados para la revisión sistemática. Se presentan los resultados según la población atendida (población general y población clínica) y, dentro de población clínica, según la sintomatología abordada. Conclusiones: Aunque el uso de apps en castellano en el ámbito de la salud mental es limitado, existen resultados prometedores que apuntan hacia la necesidad de seguir estudiando este campo para potenciar la calidad y eficiencia de la atención en salud mental.

Background: In mental health, the use of mobile applications (apps) in assesment and intervention is being incorporated to improve the therapeutic process and outcomes. Objective: to examine the availability of mobile applications in Spanish for the evaluation and intervention in mental health with clinical and non-clinical population. Method: A search of scientific literature published during the last five years in Scopus, PubMed and PSYCinfo. Those articles that studied the functioning of a mobile application for assesment or intervention in mental health in adult population from Spain were selected. Results: Of 193 articles identified, 11 were selected for the systematic review. Results are presented according to the population attended (general population or clinical population) and within the clinical population, according to the symptoms addressed. Conclusions: Although the use of mobile applications in Spanish in the field of mental health is still limited, there are promising results that point to the need for further field to enhance the quality and efficiency of mental health care.

The Role of Negative Affect in Emotional Processing of Food-Related Images in Eating Disorders and Obesity.

The aim of the present study was to analyze differences in the emotional processing (valence, arousal, and dominance) of food-related information in patients with eating disorders (ED), patients with obesity, and healthy women. Moreover, the mediator role of negative affect and the moderating role of the diagnostic group (ED vs. non-ED) were analyzed. METHOD: The sample consisted of 94 women (39 with eating disorders, 19 with obesity, and 36 healthy participants). MEASURES: International Affective Picture System (IAPS) food picture exposure task; Self-Assessment Manikin Analog-Visual Scale (SAM) appraising Arousal, Valence, and Dominance; Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26); Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). RESULTS: Patients with purging symptomatology rated food images as more unpleasant than healthy women. Patients with purging and restrictive eating symptomatology showed higher levels of arousal and less dominance over the emotions experienced, compared to patients with obesity and healthy women. The mediation analysis showed that negative affect mediated the relationship between eating symptomatology (EAT-26) and the Valence of food images, as well as the control over the emotions experienced when viewing food images (Dominance). For the moderation analysis participants were regrouped into two groups (ED patients vs. non-ED patients). The direct relationship between eating symptomatology and food image valence was moderated by the diagnostic group. However, the group did not moderate the direct relationship between the EAT-26 and dominance over experienced emotions, or the indirect effect on eating symptomatology through negative affect. These results show the relevance of negative affect in the emotional processing of food-related information, and they support an eating disorder-disordered eating dimensional perspective.

Hallucinations and Delusions as Low-Quality Attributions: Influencing Factors and Proposal for Their Analysis.

Hallucinations and delusions, in keeping with the distress accompanying them, are major features in the diagnosis of psychosis in international classifications. In spite of their human and clinical importance, the concepts are unclear. The distinction between hallucinations and delusions in terms of perception-thought is not precise enough, causing problems in analyzing the patient's words. Nor are the differentiations or variations within each precise enough. Continuing the long clinical tradition discussing the distinction between hallucinations and delusions while assuming their similarities, this study poses a concept integrating the two phenomena as attributions people make about themselves and their settings. Then the elements of any attribution can be used as guides for structuring significant literature on both, and reduce analytical ambiguity. Such attributions make more sense within the structure of two-way relationships with factors in a person's own framework and setting. This structure is described with its variables and relationships as a guide to assessment, follow-up, and intervention. Two checklists are provided for orientation.

Trends of Sedentary Time and Domain-Specific Sedentary Behavior in Spanish Schoolchildren.

Purpose: To examine the temporal trends of accelerometer-based total daily sedentary time (ST) and self-reported domain-specific sedentary behavior (SB) on weekdays and weekends in Spanish children. Method: A total of 560 (50.53% girls) children (4th graders) in 2011/12 from 23 Spanish schools and 462 (48.70% girls) children (4th graders) in 2017/18 from 19 schools across Cadiz participated. Hip-worn accelerometers and questionnaires were used to assess total daily ST and self-reported time in SB modalities, respectively. Results: The objectively measured total daily ST tended to increase in boys on weekdays and weekends. Time spent watching television (TV) decreased during the week and weekend days, while time surfing on the internet increased on weekdays and weekends. Playing video-games increased in boys during the weekends. The trend to increase the time spent on educational activities with a computer during the weekdays and weekends was accompanied by a reduction of the same activities without using a computer. There was a trend to increase reading for fun, talking on the phone and total time in other SB, on weekdays and weekends in boys and girls. Conclusion(s): Spanish boys tended to increase objectively measured total daily ST. Moreover, SB modalities have changed in recent years in children, replacing TV viewing by computer use for both educational and non-educational purposes, as well as by the use of smartphones or other sedentary activities that does not imply the presence of a screen. These findings highlight the need to promote interventions to decrease total daily ST and reduce SB activities.

The dark side of Instagram: Predictor model of dysmorphic concerns / El lado oscuro de Instagram: modelo predictor de las preocupaciones dismórficas

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Dysmorphic concern are excessive preoccupation about one or several physical characteristics perceived as defects, usually unnoticeable by others. This study was intended to explore the relationship between Instagram use and dysmorphic concerns through appearance-related comparisons, ideas of reference and problems with emotion regulation, and find out whether this relationship is moderated by gender. METHOD: The sample was comprised of 796 participants (Mage = 22.49; SD = 3.56; 54% women). RESULTS: The results showed a non-significant direct effect between Instagram use and dysmorphic concerns. However, the relationship between these variables was statistically significant through appearance-related comparisons, ideas of reference about "laughing, commenting" and difficulties in emotion regulation. Gender did not moderate any relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women who made the most use of Instagram were equally vulnerable to dysmorphic concerns when they tended to compare their appearance with other users, had problems regulating their emotions, and showed interpretative biases related to the belief that others could make comments about them or laugh at them because of their imperfections. The implications of the study are discussed

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Las preocupaciones dismórficas hacen referencia a una preocupación excesiva por una o varias características físicas percibidas como defectos que normalmente no son observables por otras personas. El presente trabajo pretende explorar la relación entre el uso de Instagram y las preocupaciones dismórficas a través de la comparación de la apariencia, las ideas de referencia y las dificultades en la regulación emocional, así como analizar si esta relación está moderada por el género. MÉTODO: Participaron 796 sujetos (Medad = 22,49; DT = 3,56; 54% mujeres). RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron un efecto directo no significativo entre el uso de Instagram y las preocupaciones dismórficas. La relación entre estas variables fue estadísticamente significativa a través de la comparación de la apariencia, ideas de referencia sobre "risas y comentarios" y las dificultades en la regulación emocional. El género no moderó ninguna relación. CONCLUSIONES: Hombres y mujeres que hacen un mayor uso de Instagram son igualmente vulnerables a manifestar preocupaciones dismórficas, cuando tienden a comparar su apariencia con otros usuarios, tienen dificultades para regular sus emociones, y muestran sesgos interpretativos relacionados con la creencia de que otros podrían hacer comentarios o burlarse de uno mismo por sus imperfecciones. Se discuten las implicaciones de este trabajo

Validation of a Spanish Version of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scales.

Physical appearance comparison has been widely studied because of its strong relationship with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The main objective of this study was to validate the physical appearance comparison scales (PACS-Revised and PACS-3) in a sample of Spanish men and women and examine their psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 1151 participants (age M = 22.31, SD = 3.40). A unidimensional structure was corroborated in the PACS-R, and three factors in the PACS-3 (proximal, distal, and muscularity comparisons). The PACS-R and PACS-3 showed full scalar invariance across sex. The internal consistency for the PACS-R and subscales of PACS-3 were satisfactory. Positive statistically significant relationships were found with measures of disordered eating (EAT-26) and dysmorphic concern (DCQ). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the PACS-3 discretely improved the prediction of disordered eating over PACS-R, but did not show improvement in the prediction of dysmorphic concern beyond the PACS-R. These findings suggest that the PACS-R and PACS-3 may be useful tools for evaluating the tendency of men and women to compare their physical appearance.

The dark side of Instagram: Predictor model of dysmorphic concerns.

Dysmorphic concern are excessive preoccupation about one or several physical characteristics perceived as defects, usually unnoticeable by others. This study was intended to explore the relationship between Instagram use and dysmorphic concerns through appearance-related comparisons, ideas of reference and problems with emotion regulation, and find out whether this relationship is moderated by gender. METHOD: The sample was comprised of 796 participants (Mage  = 22.49; SD = 3.56; 54% women). RESULTS: The results showed a non-significant direct effect between Instagram use and dysmorphic concerns. However, the relationship between these variables was statistically significant through appearance-related comparisons, ideas of reference about "laughing, commenting" and difficulties in emotion regulation. Gender did not moderate any relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women who made the most use of Instagram were equally vulnerable to dysmorphic concerns when they tended to compare their appearance with other users, had problems regulating their emotions, and showed interpretative biases related to the belief that others could make comments about them or laugh at them because of their imperfections. The implications of the study are discussed.

Las preocupaciones dismórficas hacen referencia a una preocupación excesiva por una o varias características físicas percibidas como defectos que normalmente no son observables por otras personas. El presente trabajo pretende explorar la relación entre el uso de Instagram y las preocupaciones dismórficas a través de la comparación de la apariencia, las ideas de referencia y las dificultades en la regulación emocional, así como analizar si esta relación está moderada por el género. Método: Participaron 796 sujetos (Medad  = 22,49; DT = 3,56; 54% mujeres). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un efecto directo no significativo entre el uso de Instagram y las preocupaciones dismórficas. La relación entre estas variables fue estadísticamente significativa a través de la comparación de la apariencia, ideas de referencia sobre "risas y comentarios" y las dificultades en la regulación emocional. El género no moderó ninguna relación. Conclusiones: Hombres y mujeres que hacen un mayor uso de Instagram son igualmente vulnerables a manifestar preocupaciones dismórficas, cuando tienden a comparar su apariencia con otros usuarios, tienen dificultades para regular sus emociones, y muestran sesgos interpretativos relacionados con la creencia de que otros podrían hacer comentarios o burlarse de uno mismo por sus imperfecciones. Se discuten las implicaciones de este trabajo.

Interpersonal Violence and Psychotic-Like Experiences: The Mediation of Ideas of Reference, Childhood Memories, and Dissociation.

Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between the accumulation of situations involving interpersonal violence (IV) and psychotic-like experiences. This study explored whether IV is related to aberrant salience (AS), using a sequential mediation model that included memories of relationship with parents (submission, devaluation, and threat; Early Life Experiences Scale (ELES)), ideas of reference (IR), and dissociative symptoms (absorption and depersonalization), and whether the patient/nonpatient condition moderated this effect. The sample was made of 401 participants (including 43 patients with psychotic disorders) aged 18 to 71 years (Mage = 30.43; SD = 11.19). Analysis of a serial multiple mediator model revealed that IR, ELES, absorption, and depersonalization fully mediated the effect of IV on AS, explaining 39% of the variance, regardless of the patient/nonpatient condition. The indirect paths, which place IR and dissociation (especially absorption, the variable to which the IR and ELES lead) in a primordial position for being related to AS, are discussed. This continuum model could be useful for understanding processes related to the onset of psychosis unmoderated by the patient/nonpatient condition.